Version Control with Git

Conflicts

As soon as people can work in parallel, it’s likely someone’s going to step on someone else’s toes. This will even happen with a single person: if we are working on a piece of software on both our laptop and a server in the lab, we could make different changes to each copy. Version control helps us manage these conflicts by giving us tools to resolve overlapping changes.

To see how we can resolve conflicts, we must first create one. The file mars.txt currently looks like this in both copies of our planets repository (the one in our home directory and the one in \tmp:

$ cat mars.txt

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity

Let’s add a line to the copy under our home directory:

$ nano mars.txt
$ cat mars.txt

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
This line added to our home copy

and then push the change to GitHub:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git commit -m "Adding a line in our home copy"

[master 5ae9631] Adding a line in our home copy
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

$ git push origin master

Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 352 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/vlad/planets
   29aba7c..dabb4c8  master -> master

Our repositories are now in this state:

After Making First Change

Now let’s switch to the copy under /tmp make a different change there without updating from GitHub:

$ cd /tmp/planets
$ nano mars.txt
$ cat mars.txt

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We added a different line in the temporary copy

We can commit the change locally:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git commit -m "Adding a line in the temporary copy"

[master 07ebc69] Adding a line in the temporary copy
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

giving us the following local repository state:

After Making Second Change

but Git won’t let us push it to GitHub:

$ git push origin master

To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/vlad/planets.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')
hint: before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

The conflicting changes

Git detects that the changes made in one copy overlap with those made in the other and stops us from trampling on our previous work. What we have to do is pull the changes from GitHub, merge them into the copy we’re currently working in, and then push that. Let’s start by pulling:

$ git pull origin master

remote: Counting objects: 5, done.        
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.        
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 3 (delta 1)        
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From https://github.com/vlad/planets
 * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
Auto-merging mars.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in mars.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

git pull tells us there’s a conflict, and marks that conflict in the affected file:

$ cat mars.txt

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
<<<<<<< HEAD
We added a different line in the temporary copy
=======
This line added to our home copy
>>>>>>> dabb4c8c450e8475aee9b14b4383acc99f42af1d

Our change—the one in HEAD—is preceded by <<<<<<<. Git has then inserted ======= as a separator between the conflicting changes and marked the end of the content downloaded from GitHub with >>>>>>>. (The string of letters and digits after that marker identifies the commit we’ve just downloaded.)

It is now up to us to edit this file to remove these markers and reconcile the changes. We can do anything we want: keep the change made in the local repository, keep the change made in the remote repository, write something new to replace both, or get rid of the change entirely. Let’s replace both so that the file looks like this:

$ cat mars.txt

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We removed the conflict on this line

To finish merging, we add mars.txt to the changes being made by the merge and then commit:

$ git add mars.txt
$ git status

# On branch master
# All conflicts fixed but you are still merging.
#   (use "git commit" to conclude merge)
#
# Changes to be committed:
#
#   modified:   mars.txt
#

$ git commit -m "Merging changes from GitHub"

[master 2abf2b1] Merging changes from GitHub

Our repositories now look like this after locally merging in the changes:

After Merging Changes Locally

Now we can push our changes to GitHub:

$ git push origin master

Counting objects: 10, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 697 bytes, done.
Total 6 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/vlad/planets.git
   dabb4c8..2abf2b1  master -> master

We now have this:

After Pushing the Merged Changes to GitHub

Git keeps track of what we’ve merged with what, so we don’t have to fix things by hand again if we switch back to the repository in our home directory and pull from GitHub:

$ cd ~/planets
$ git pull origin master

remote: Counting objects: 10, done.        
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.        
remote: Total 6 (delta 2), reused 6 (delta 2)        
Unpacking objects: 100% (6/6), done.
From https://github.com/vlad/planets
 * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
Updating dabb4c8..2abf2b1
Fast-forward
 mars.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

We get the merged file:

$ cat mars.txt 

Cold and dry, but everything is my favorite color
The two moons may be a problem for Wolfman
But the Mummy will appreciate the lack of humidity
We removed the conflict on this line

We don’t need to merge again because Git knows someone has already done that.

Version control’s ability to merge conflicting changes is another reason users tend to divide their programs and papers into multiple files instead of storing everything in one large file. There’s another benefit too: whenever there are repeated conflicts in a particular file, the version control system is essentially trying to tell its users that they ought to clarify who’s responsible for what, or find a way to divide the work up differently.